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Protective signs are symbols to be used during an armed conflict to mark persons and objects under the protection of various treaties of international humanitarian law (IHL). While their essential meaning can be summarized as "Don't shoot!" or "Don't attack!", the exact conditions implied vary depending on the respective sign and the circumstances of its use. The form, shape and color of these signs are defined by the rules of IHL. Usually, they are easy to draw in order to make even an improvised use as easy as possible, and they were chosen to be as concise, recognizable and visible as possible under all circumstances. Usage of protective signs is restricted to armed conflicts. They are to be used only by eligible organizations or groups to mark their personnel, vehicles, buildings and other objects. The misuse of protective signs is a violation of international humanitarian law and punishable under the national law of all countries who are state parties to the respective treaties. == List of protective signs == The following signs have a protective meaning under certain conditions: * the Red Cross〔Defined in article 38 of the Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field; August 12, 1949〕 and the equivalent signs of the Red Crescent,〔 the Red Lion with Sun〔 and the Red Crystal 〔Defined in article 2 of the Protocol additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Adoption of an Additional Distinctive Emblem (Protocol III), 8 December 2005〕 to be used to mark all persons and objects under the protection of the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and their additional protocols of 1977; see emblems of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement * a blue triangle on orange ground as the international distinctive sign of civil defence;〔Defined in article 66 of the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts; June 8, 1977〕 to be used to mark the personnel and objects of civil defense organizations * the letters "PG" or "PW" to mark a prisoner of war camp〔Defined in article 23 of the Geneva Conventions relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War; August 12, 1949〕 and the letters "IC" to mark an internment camp for civilians〔Defined in article 83 of the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War; August 12, 1949〕 * an oblique red band on a white ground to mark Hospital and safety zones〔Defined in article 6 of annex I to the Geneva Convention relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War; August 12, 1949〕 * the white flag;〔Defined in article 32 of the Hague Convention with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land; July 29, 1899〕 used to designate unarmed parliamentaries (negotiators, along with their flag bearer and optional drummer) asking for a truce or ceasefire, or to symbolise surrender * the emblem of the United Nations as well as the letters "UN";〔Defined in article 3 of the Convention on the Safety of United Nations and Associated Personnel; December 9, 1994〕 to be used to mark the personnel and materiel of UN Peacekeeping missions * the distinctive mark of the Roerich Pact for the identification of historic monuments, museums, scientific, artistic, educational and cultural institutions〔Defined in article 3 of the Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments; April 15, 1935〕 (Such as universities, theatres, Stonehenge) * the distinctive marking of cultural property,〔Defined in article 16 of the Convention for the Protection of cultural property in the Event of Armed Conflict; May 14, 1954〕 to be used to mark "movable or immovable property of great importance to the cultural heritage of every people"; and the triple use of that sign to mark cultural property under special protection,〔 including "refuges intended to shelter movable cultural property" (e.g.: Paintings, sculptures, texts) and "immovable cultural property of very great importance" (such as The Royal Observatory, Greenwich, London or The Taj Mahal, Agra, India) * the special sign used to facilitate the identification of "works and installations containing dangerous forces" (dams, dikes and nuclear electrical generating stations), consisting of three bright orange circles placed on the same axis〔Defined in article 56 of the Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts; June 8, 1977〕 Image:Flag of the Red Cross.svg|Red Cross Image:Flag of the Red Crescent.svg|Red Crescent Image:Flag of the Red Crystal.svg|Red Crystal Image:CivilDefence.svg|International distinctive sign of civil defence Image:Marking for Hospital and safety zones.svg|Marking for Hospital and safety zones Image:White flag of surrender.svg|White flag Image:Flag of the United Nations.svg|Flag of the United Nations Image:Banner of Peace from the Roerich Pact.svg|Distinctive flag for monuments and cultural institutions Image:Distinctive emblem for cultural property.svg|Distinctive marking of cultural property Image:Distinctive emblem for cultural property under special protection.svg|Distinctive marking of cultural property under special protection Image:International special sign for works and installations containing dangerous forces.svg|Special sign for works and installations containing dangerous forces Of these symbols, the distinctive flag of the Roerich Pact was superseded by the distinctive marking of cultural property as defined by the Hague Convention of 1954. However, the emblem of the Roerich Pact is still a valid protective sign in the relations between states which are bound by the Washington Treaty of 1935 but not by the convention of 1954. In part because of the efforts of the U.S. Committee of the Blue Shield, the United States Senate ratified the convention of 1954 on 2008-09-28, so as of that date, Chile is the only state where this still applies.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=U.S. Committee of the Blue Shield - 1954 Hague Convention )〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Protective sign」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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